Methods and apparatus for scaling transmit power of signals in wireless communications

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus of varying transmit power of signals for increasing system throughput and spectral reuse in an unlicensed spectrum are disclosed. One method includes transmitting from a first mobile device to a second mobile device a request to send (RTS) signal having a first transmit data power level based on a channel gain between the first mobile device and the second mobile device, receiving, at the first mobile device, a clear to send (CTS) signal from the second mobile device, and transmitting data at the first transmit data power level from the first mobile device to the second mobile device.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The invention relates to wireless communications. More particularly, theinvention relates to methods and apparatus for scaling transmit power ofsignals in wireless communications.

2. Background

Wireless communications continues to grow in demand and has become anintegral part of both personal and business communications. Wirelesscommunications allow users to transmit and receive data from mostanywhere using wireless networks and wireless devices such as laptops,cellular devices, iPhones®, BlackBerrys®, etc.

Wireless fidelity (WiFi) describes the wireless networks that adhere tothe specifications developed by the Institute of Electrical andElectronic Engineers (IEEE) for wireless local area networks (LAN). WiFidevices are certified to be interoperable with other certified WiFidevices using the 802.11 standard of the IEEE. These WiFi devices allowover-the-air interfaces in order to create a wireless network forfacilitating data transfer.

WiFi uses carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance(CSMA/CA) or request to send (RTS)/clear to send (CTS) signaling toperform distributed scheduling of peer-to-peer transmissions. Forexample, before a node transmits a signal, the node listens to thecommunications channel via CSMA to determine if the communicationschannel is available or unavailable. If the communications channel isavailable, the transmitting node transmits a RTS signal to a receivingnode. Similarly, the receiving node transmits a CTS signal if it detectsthat the communications channel is available. If the communicationschannel is unavailable, the node waits to transmit until thecommunications channel is available. Hence, the transmission delays areincreased with an increased number of nodes using the network.

In addition, the asynchronous nature of WiFi further impacts the latencyand the power efficiency of the nodes. That is, transmissions andreceptions using WiFi are not synchronized but rather are performed inan asynchronous manner. For example, a WiFi transmitter may try tocommunicate with a WiFi receiver at a random time and if the WiFireceiver is not ready to communicate at the random time or is surroundedby other WiFi transmitters trying to communicate with the WiFi receiver,the WiFi receiver is unable to receive the data correctly in which casethe WiFi transmitter may decide to back-off and transmit at a later time(e.g., 10 milliseconds later). This example illustrates the inherentlatencies in WiFi communications. Furthermore, power inefficiencies arealso increased for the WiFi transmitter and the WiFi receiver.

Therefore, it has been recognized by those skilled in the art that aneed exists for methods and apparatus for scaling transmit power ofsignals in wireless communications.

SUMMARY

Methods and apparatus of varying transmit power of signals forincreasing system throughput and spectral reuse in an unlicensedspectrum are disclosed. One method includes transmitting from a firstmobile device to a second mobile device a request to send (RTS) signalhaving a first transmit data power level based on a channel gain betweenthe first mobile device and the second mobile device, receiving at thefirst mobile device a clear to send (CTS) signal from the second mobiledevice, and transmitting data at the first transmit data power levelfrom the first mobile device to the second mobile device.

An apparatus for increasing system throughput in an unlicensed spectrumis disclosed. The apparatus includes a processor configured to transmitfrom a first mobile device to a second mobile device a first request tosend (RTS) signal having a first transmit data power level based on achannel gain between the first mobile device and the second mobiledevice, receive, at the first mobile device, a first clear to send (CTS)signal from the second mobile device, and transmit data at the firsttransmit data power level from the first mobile device to the secondmobile device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features, objects, and advantages of the invention will become moreapparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken inconjunction with the drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a network having a plurality ofnodes where each node can adjust the transmit power of its signals priorto transmission in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary node configured to determine areceived power level of incoming signals or a channel gain of a channelbetween various nodes and to adjust the transmit power level of outgoingsignals based on a function or variable (e.g., the received power levelor the channel gain) in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of increasing systemthroughput of a network with nodes operating in the unlicensed spectrumin accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of increasing systemthroughput of a network with nodes operating in the unlicensed spectrumin accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of increasing systemthroughput of a network with nodes operating in the unlicensed spectrumin accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of increasing systemthroughput of a network with nodes operating in the unlicensed spectrumin accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for theapparatus and the means for apparatus for increasing system throughputand spectral reuse in an unlicensed spectrum in accordance with variousembodiments.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for theapparatus and the means for apparatus for increasing system throughputand spectral reuse in an unlicensed spectrum in accordance with variousembodiments.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for theapparatus and the means for apparatus for increasing system throughputand spectral reuse in an unlicensed spectrum in accordance with variousembodiments.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for theapparatus and the means for apparatus for increasing system throughputand spectral reuse in an unlicensed spectrum in accordance with variousembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Methods, apparatus, and systems that implement the embodiments of thevarious features of the invention will now be described with referenceto the drawings. The drawings and the associated descriptions areprovided to illustrate embodiments of the invention and not to limit thescope of the invention. Reference in the specification to “oneembodiment” or “an embodiment” is intended to indicate that a particularfeature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with theembodiment is included in at least an embodiment of the invention. Theappearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “an embodiment” invarious places in the specification are not necessarily all referring tothe same embodiment. Throughout the drawings, reference numbers arere-used to indicate correspondence between referenced elements. Inaddition, the first digit of each reference number indicates the figurein which the element first appears.

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a network 100 having a pluralityof nodes 101, 102, 103 and 104 where each node can adjust the transmitpower of its signals prior to transmission in accordance with variousembodiments. The network 100 is configured to allow for increasedthroughput and spectral reuse in an unlicensed spectrum. In variousembodiments, the network 100 can include one or more networks such as aWiFi network, an unlicensed network (i.e., a network operating in theunlicensed spectrum), a licensed network (i.e., a network operating inthe licensed spectrum) and/or a carrier sense multiple access withcollision avoidance (CSMA/CA) network, and each of the plurality ofnodes 101, 102, 103 and 104 can be a WiFi device or node, a mobiledevice or a wireless communications device configured to operate in thelicensed spectrum and/or the unlicensed spectrum, a user, or awhite-space device (WSD) configured to operate in the licensed spectrumand/or the unlicensed spectrum. A WSD can be a mobile device, a laptopcomputer or other portable device operating in open or unusedfrequencies. For illustrative purposes, the disclosure will discuss WiFinetworks and nodes operating in the unlicensed spectrum; however, othertypes of licensed and unlicensed networks and nodes are within the scopeof the invention. Furthermore, even though four nodes 101, 102, 103 and104 are shown in FIG. 1, the network 100 can include one or more nodes.For illustrative purposes, nodes 101, 102, 103 and 104 will also bereferred to as node A, node B, node C and node D, respectively.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary node configured to determine areceived power level of incoming signals or a channel gain of a channelbetween various nodes and to adjust the transmit power level of outgoingsignals based on a function or variable (e.g., the received power levelor the channel gain) in accordance with various embodiments. Forillustrative purposes, the term “node” will refer to a wirelesscommunications device 200. The wireless communications device 200 isconfigured to receive and transmit signals and data in or using thelicensed spectrum and/or the unlicensed spectrum. The wirelesscommunications device 200 includes a processor 205, a memory 210, adisplay 215, a keyboard 220, a wireless transmitter 225, a wirelessreceiver 230, a first antenna 235, a second antenna 240, and a powersource 245 (e.g., a battery). The chips, components or modules may beattached or formed on a printed circuit board 250. The printed circuitboard 250 can refer to any dielectric substrate, ceramic substrate, orother circuit carrying structure for carrying signal circuits andelectronic components within the wireless communications device 200.

The processor 205 may be implemented using hardware, software, firmware,middleware, microcode, or any combination thereof. The processor 205 maybe an Advanced RISC Machine (ARM), a controller, a digital signalprocessor (DSP), a microprocessor, an encoder, a decoder, circuitry, aprocessor chip, or any other device capable of processing data, andcombinations thereof. The term “circuitry” may include processorcircuitry, memory circuitry, RF transceiver circuitry, power circuitry,video circuitry, audio circuitry, keyboard circuitry, and displaycircuitry.

The memory 210 may include or store various routines and data. The term“memory” and “machine readable medium” include, but are not limited to,random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), EPROM,EEPROM, registers, hard disk, removable disk, CD-ROM, DVD, wirelesschannels, and various other mediums capable of storing, containing orcarrying instruction(s) and/or data. The machine readable instructionsmay be stored in the memory 210 and may be executed by the processor 205to cause the processor 205 to perform various functions as described inthis disclosure. The display 215 may be a LCD, LED or plasma displayscreen and the keyboard 220 may be a standard keyboard (e.g., a QWERTYlayout) having letters and numbers.

The wireless transmitter 225 is coupled to the processor 205 and is usedto encode and format the data for transmission via the first antenna 235and/or the second antenna 240. The wireless transmitter 225 includeschips, circuitry and/or software that are used to adjust the transmitpower (i.e., power scaling) of the data and/or signals that are receivedfrom the processor 205 and prior to being sent to the first antenna 235and/or the second antenna 240 for transmission over a channel. Thewireless transmitter 225 may use information (e.g., a channel gain)received from other channels or nodes via the first antenna 235, thesecond antenna 240, and/or the processor 205 to determine how to adjustor scale the transmit power of the data and/or signals.

The wireless receiver 230 is coupled to the processor 205 and is used todecode and parse the data after being received from the first antenna235 and/or the second antenna 240. The wireless receiver 230 includeschips, circuitry and/or software that are used to receive information(e.g., a channel gain, power level, signals, etc.) from other channelsor nodes via the first antenna 235 and/or the second antenna 240. Theinformation is sent to the processor 205 for calculation and use by theprocessor 205 to determine how to adjust the transmit power of the dataand/or signals that are to be transmitted to another node via the firstantenna 235 and/or the second antenna 240.

The first antenna 235 may be positioned at a lower right portion of thewireless communications device 200 and the second antenna 240 may bepositioned at an upper right portion of the wireless communicationsdevice 200. The first antenna 235 may be a cellular antenna, a GSMantenna, a CDMA antenna, a WCDMA antenna, or any other antenna capableof operating using the licensed spectrum. The second antenna 240 may bea WiFi antenna, a GPS antenna, or any other antenna capable of operatingusing the unlicensed spectrum. The power source 245 supplies power tothe components or modules shown in FIG. 2. For illustrative purposes,each node A, B, C and D shown in FIG. 1 is a wireless communicationsdevice 200 as shown in FIG. 2.

FIGS. 3 and 4 are flow diagrams illustrating methods 300 and 400,respectively, of increasing system throughput of a network 100 withnodes operating in the unlicensed spectrum in accordance with variousembodiments. Referring to FIGS. 1-4, the method 300 is from theperspective of node A (e.g., a first wireless communications device) andthe method 400 is from the perspective of node B (e.g., a secondwireless communications device). In this embodiment, we assume that nodeA has prior knowledge of a channel gain (h_(AB)) between node A and nodeB. For example, the channel gain may be determined from a prior signaltransmitted from node B to node A. Node A may store the channel gain inits memory 210. If node A has information about the channel gain priorto transmitting its RTS signal 111, node A can set the transmit powerlevel of its RTS signal 111 based on the channel gain between node A andnode B to

$P_{A} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{h_{AB}}}.}$

Prior to transmission by node A, the processor 205 and/or the wirelesstransmitter 225 of node A adjust or set a transmit data power level ofthe RTS signal 111 to be based on the channel gain (h_(AB)) between nodeA and node B (block 305). The channel gain (h_(AB)) is inverselyproportional to the distance (d) between node A and ode B. That is,

${h_{AB}^{2} \cong \frac{1}{d^{\alpha}}},$where α is approximately 2.0 in free space and is approximately 3.5 inareas where some reflections are present. Hence, the larger thedistance, the smaller the channel gain. In one embodiment, an estimateof the channel gain can be obtained from an in-band signal such as aservice set identifier (SSID) broadcast or an out-of-band channel overwhich the nodes can perform peer discovery. The processor 205 and/or thewireless transmitter 225 of node A may receive an estimate of thechannel gain prior to adjusting or setting the transmit data power levelof the RTS signal 111. In one embodiment, the transmit data power levelis inversely proportional to

$\left( \frac{1}{h_{AB}} \right)$or monotonically decreasing with the channel gain between node A andnode B. The transmit data power level of the RTS signal 111 may bevaried to allow more efficient use or time sharing of the channel (i.e.,to facilitate concurrent transmissions of signals and/or data on thechannel). Similarly, the transmit power level of the CTS signal 112 maybe varied to allow more efficient use or time sharing of the channel.

Node A creates a RTS signal 111 or retrieves a RTS signal 111 from itsmemory 210 and transmits, using the wireless transmitter 225 and thesecond antenna 240, the RTS signal 111 to node B. The RTS signal 111 mayhave a transmit data power level based on the channel gain between nodeA and node B (described above). Node B receives the RTS signal 111 suchthat the RTS signal 111 has a first received RTS power level (block405). After receipt of the RTS signal 111, node B transmits a CTS signal112 having a first transmit CTS power level that is a function of thefirst received RTS power level (block 410). The function can be that thefirst transmit CTS power level is inversely proportional to the firstreceived RTS power level,

${{CTS}_{P} = \left( \frac{1}{{RTS}_{P}} \right)},$or the first transmit CTS power level is monotonically decreasing withthe first received RTS power level. The RTS signal 111 and/or the CTSsignal 112 may each include a packet duration.

Node A receives the CTS signal 112 from node B using the second antenna240 and the wireless receiver 230 (block 310). Node A adjusts or setsthe transmit data power level for the data using the processor 205and/or the wireless transmitter 225 and transmits the data via thesecond antenna 240 to node B (block 315). In one embodiment, the data istransmitted at a transmit data power level that is based on the channelgain (h_(AB)) between node A and node B (described above).

FIGS. 5 and 6 are flow diagrams illustrating methods 500 and 600,respectively, of increasing system throughput of a network 100 withnodes operating in the unlicensed spectrum in accordance with variousembodiments. The method 500 is from the perspective of node C and themethod 500 is from the perspective of node D.

Referring to FIGS. 1, 2, 5 and 6, node A would like to transmit a RTSsignal 111 to node B and node D would like to transmit a RTS signal 118to node C at approximately the same time. Node A transmits the RTSsignal 111 to node B where the RTS signal 111 has a fixed power P_(f).Node B receives the RTS signal 111 at a first received RTS power level(which is a function of the fixed power P_(f)) and transmits a CTSsignal 112 to node A where the CTS signal 112 has a first transmit CTSpower level that is a function of the first received RTS power level

$\left( {{e.g.},{{{power}\mspace{14mu} P_{B}} = {{\left. \quad{{1/\left( {{received}\mspace{14mu}{power}\mspace{14mu}{level}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{node}\mspace{14mu} A}’ \right.}s\mspace{14mu}{RTS}\mspace{14mu}{signal}} \right)\mspace{14mu}{or}\mspace{14mu} P_{B}} \cong \frac{1}{h_{AB}^{2}*P_{f}}}}} \right)$(blocks 405 and 410). The function is inversely proportional to thefirst received RTS power level or monotonically decreasing with thefirst received RTS power level.

Node C may receive or sense the RTS signal 111 having a second receivedRTS power level (from node A) and the RTS signal 118 having a thirdreceived RTS power level (from node D) (blocks 505 and 510). Node Creceives or senses the RTS signal 118 using the second antenna 240 andthe wireless receiver 230. If node C senses the RTS signal 111 from nodeA and the RTS signal 118 from node D, node C is inclined to back off andnot send its CTS signal 117 to node D. However, due to the reducedtransmit power of the transmit signal(s) (e.g., the RTS signal 111and/or the RTS signal 118), node C may be able to transmit a second CTSsignal 117 to node D. Node C determines whether to transmit the secondCTS signal 117 to node D based on a predetermined function of the secondreceived RTS power level and the third received RTS power level (block515). As an example, node C will transmit the second CTS signal 117 tonode D if the third received RTS power level is greater than the secondreceived RTS power level. This indicates that the RTS signal 118 fromnode D is stronger than the RTS signal 111 from node A. As anotherexample, node C will transmit the second CTS signal 117 to node D if theratio of the second received RTS power level and the third received RTSpower level is greater than or less than a predetermined threshold(e.g., 0.10, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 5, 10). Using the processor 205,node C transmits the second CTS signal 117 to node D using the wirelesstransmitter 225 and the second antenna 240. Even though node C hears theRTS signal 111 from node A, the RTS signal 111 is so weak that it isalright for node C to transmit the CTS signal 117 to node D.

Node D make a similar determination as node C as to whether the firstCTS signal 112 from node B is weak enough that it is alright to transmitthe data to node C. Node D receives the first CTS signal 112 having asecond received CTS power level from node B (block 605). Node D alsoreceives a second CTS signal 117 from node C (block 610). Node Ddetermines whether to transmit a data signal to node C based on apredetermined function of the second received CTS power level (block615). The predetermined function compares the product of the secondreceived CTS power level and a second transmit data power level to apredetermined threshold (e.g., 0.10, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 5, 10). Thesecond transmit data power level is used by node D for adjusting orsetting the second RTS signal 118 or a data signal of node D fortransmission to node C. The second transmit data power level isinversely proportional to or monotonically decreasing with a channelgain between node C and node D. The channel gain may be determined froma prior signal transmitted from node C to node D.

In certain situations, nodes A and B will have reduced transmit powerlevels for their respective RTS and CTS signals which will allow othernodes (e.g., nodes C and D) to have efficient reuse or concurrent reuseof the channel. That is, nodes C and D can transmit without interferingwith the transmissions on the same channel by nodes A and B due to powerscaling of the transmit signals. All nodes in the network 100 can adjustor set their transmit data power levels for their transmit signals toachieve power scaling and allow efficient reuse of the channels in thenetwork.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for theapparatus and the means for apparatus for increasing system throughputand spectral reuse with nodes operating in the unlicensed spectrum inaccordance with various embodiments. The apparatus 700 may include amodule 705 for transmitting from a first mobile device 101 to a secondmobile device 102 a first RTS signal 111 having a first transmit datapower level based on a channel gain between the first mobile device 101and the second mobile device 102, a module 710 for receiving at thefirst mobile device 101 a CTS signal 112 from the second mobile device102, and a module 715 for transmitting data at the first transmit datapower level from the first mobile device 101 to the second mobile device102.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for theapparatus and the means for apparatus for increasing system throughputand spectral reuse with nodes operating in the unlicensed spectrum inaccordance with various embodiments. The apparatus 800 may include amodule 805 for receiving, at the second mobile device 102, the first RTSsignal 111 having a first received RTS power level, and a module 810 fortransmitting, from the second mobile device 102, the first CTS signalhaving a first transmit CTS power level that is a function of the firstreceived RTS power level.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for theapparatus and the means for apparatus for increasing system throughputand spectral reuse with nodes operating in the unlicensed spectrum inaccordance with various embodiments. The apparatus 900 may include amodule 905 for receiving the first RTS signal from the first mobiledevice 101 having a second received RTS power level, a module 910 forreceiving at the third mobile device 103 a second RTS 118 from a fourthmobile device 104 having a third received RTS power level, and a module915 for determining whether to transmit a second CTS signal to thefourth mobile device 104 based on a predetermined function of the secondreceived RTS power level and the third received power level.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for theapparatus and the means for apparatus for increasing system throughputand spectral reuse with nodes operating in the unlicensed spectrum inaccordance with various embodiments. The apparatus 1000 may include amodule 1005 for receiving, at the fourth mobile device 104, the firstCTS signal 112 from the second mobile device 102, the first CTS signal112 having a second received CTS power level, a module 1010 forreceiving the second CTS signal 117 from the third mobile device 103,and a module 1015 for determining whether to transmit a data signalbased on a predetermined function of the second received CTS powerlevel.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various illustrativelogical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithms described inconnection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented aselectronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. Toillustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, variousillustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithms havebeen described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whethersuch functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends uponthe particular application and design constraints imposed on the overallsystem. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality invarying ways for each particular application, but such implementationdecisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from thescope of the present disclosure.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits describedin connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implementedor performed with a general purpose processing device, a digital signalprocessing device (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit(ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmablelogic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardwarecomponents, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functionsdescribed herein. A general purpose processing device may be amicroprocessing device, but in the alternative, the processing devicemay be any conventional processing device, processing device,microprocessing device, or state machine. A processing device may alsobe implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., acombination of a DSP and a microprocessing device, a plurality ofmicroprocessing devices, one or more microprocessing devices inconjunction with a DSP core or any other such configuration.

The apparatus, methods or algorithms described in connection with theembodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware,software, or combination thereof. In software the methods or algorithmsmay be embodied in one or more instructions that may be executed by aprocessing device. The instructions may reside in RAM memory, flashmemory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, aremovable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known inthe art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processing devicesuch the processing device can read information from, and writeinformation to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storagemedium may be integral to the processing device. The processing deviceand the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in auser terminal. In the alternative, the processing device and the storagemedium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided toenable any person skilled in the art to make or use the presentdisclosure. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readilyapparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles definedherein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from thespirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is notintended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to beaccorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novelfeatures disclosed herein.

The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departingfrom its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodimentsare to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and notrestrictive and the scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated bythe appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. Allchanges which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of theclaims are to be embraced within their scope.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of increasing system throughput in anunlicensed spectrum comprising: receiving a service set identifier(SSID) broadcast; estimating an actual channel gain between a firstmobile device and a second mobile device based on the SSID broadcast;transmitting from the first mobile device to the second mobile device afirst request to send (RTS) signal having a first transmit data powerlevel based on the actual channel gain between the first mobile deviceand the second mobile device; receiving, at the first mobile device, afirst clear to send (CTS) signal from the second mobile device; andtransmitting data at the first transmit data power level from the firstmobile device to the second mobile device, wherein the actual channelgain is inversely proportional to a distance between the first mobiledevice and the second mobile device.
 2. The method of claim 1 whereinthe first transmit data power level is inversely proportional to ormonotonically decreasing with the actual channel gain between the firstmobile device and the second mobile device.
 3. The method of claim 1wherein: the second mobile device receives the first RTS signal having afirst received RTS power level; and the second mobile device transmitsthe first CTS signal having a first transmit CTS power level that is afunction of the first received RTS power level.
 4. The method of claim 3wherein the first transmit CTS power level is inversely proportional tothe first received RTS power level or the first transmit CTS power levelis monotonically decreasing with the first received RTS power level. 5.The method of claim 1 further comprising: receiving, at a third mobiledevice, the first RTS signal from the first mobile device having asecond received RTS power level; receiving, at the third mobile device,a second RTS signal from a fourth mobile device having a third receivedRTS power level; and determining, at the third mobile device, whether totransmit a second CTS signal to the fourth mobile device based on apredetermined function of the second received RTS power level and thethird received RTS power level.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein thepredetermined function compares the ratio of the second received RTSpower level and the third received RTS power level to a predeterminedthreshold.
 7. A method of increasing system throughput in an unlicensedspectrum comprising: receiving a service set identifier (SSID)broadcast; estimating a channel gain between a first mobile device and asecond mobile device based on the SSID broadcast; transmitting from thefirst mobile device to the second mobile device a first request to send(RTS) signal having a first transmit data power level based on thechannel gain between the first mobile device and the second mobiledevice; receiving, at the first mobile device, a first clear to send(CTS) signal from the second mobile device; transmitting data at thefirst transmit data power level from the first mobile device to thesecond mobile device, wherein the channel gain is inversely proportionalto a distance between the first mobile device and the second mobiledevice; receiving, at a third mobile device, the first RTS signal fromthe first mobile device having a second received RTS power level;receiving, at the third mobile device, a second RTS signal from a fourthmobile device having a third received RTS power level; determining, atthe third mobile device, whether to transmit a second CTS signal to thefourth mobile device based on a first predetermined function of thesecond received RTS power level and the third received RTS power level;receiving, at the fourth mobile device, the first CTS signal from thesecond mobile device, the first CTS signal having a second received CTSpower level; receiving, at the fourth mobile device, the second CTSsignal from the third mobile device; and determining, at the fourthmobile device, whether to transmit a data signal based on a secondpredetermined function of the second received CTS power level.
 8. Themethod of claim 7 wherein the second predetermined function compares theproduct of the second received CTS power level and a second transmitdata power level to a predetermined threshold.
 9. The method of claim 8wherein the second transmit data power level is to be used by the fourthmobile device to transmit a second RTS signal to the third mobile deviceor a data signal to the third mobile device.
 10. The method of claim 9wherein the second transmit data power level is inversely proportionalto or monotonically decreasing with a channel gain between the thirdmobile device and the fourth mobile device.
 11. The method of claim 10wherein the channel gain is determined from a prior signal transmittedfrom the third mobile device to the fourth mobile device.
 12. Anapparatus for increasing system throughput in an unlicensed spectrumcomprising: a processor configured to: receive a service set identifier(SSID) broadcast; estimate an actual channel gain between a first mobiledevice and a second mobile device based on the SSID broadcast; transmitfrom the first mobile device to the second mobile device a first requestto send (RTS) signal having a first transmit data power level based onthe actual channel gain between the first mobile device and the secondmobile device; receive, at the first mobile device, a first clear tosend (CTS) signal from the second mobile device; and transmit data atthe first transmit data power level from the first mobile device to thesecond mobile device, wherein the actual channel gain is inverselyproportional to a distance between the first mobile device and thesecond mobile device.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the firsttransmit data power level is inversely proportional to or monotonicallydecreasing with the actual channel gain between the first mobile deviceand the second mobile device.
 14. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein: thesecond mobile device receives the first RTS signal having a firstreceived RTS power level; and the second mobile device transmits thefirst CTS signal having a first transmit CTS power level that is afunction of the first received RTS power level.
 15. The apparatus ofclaim 14 wherein the first transmit CTS power level is inverselyproportional to the first received RTS power level or the first transmitCTS power level is monotonically decreasing with the first received RTSpower level.
 16. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the processor isfurther configured to: receive, at a third mobile device, the first RTSsignal from the first mobile device having a second received RTS powerlevel; receive, at the third mobile device, a second RTS signal from afourth mobile device having a third received RTS power level; anddetermine, at the third mobile device, whether to transmit a second CTSsignal to the fourth mobile device based on a predetermined function ofthe second received RTS power level and the third received RTS powerlevel.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the predetermined functioncompares the ratio of the second received RTS power level and the thirdreceived RTS power level to a predetermined threshold.
 18. An apparatusfor increasing system throughput in an unlicensed spectrum comprising: aprocessor configured to: receive a service set identifier (SSID)broadcast; estimate a channel gain between a first mobile device and asecond mobile device based on the SSID broadcast; transmit from thefirst mobile device to the second mobile device a first request to send(RTS) signal having a first transmit data power level based on thechannel gain between the first mobile device and the second mobiledevice; receive, at the first mobile device, a first clear to send (CTS)signal from the second mobile device; transmit data at the firsttransmit data power level from the first mobile device to the secondmobile device, wherein the channel gain is inversely proportional to adistance between the first mobile device and the second mobile device;receive, at a third mobile device, the first RTS signal from the firstmobile device having a second received RTS power level; receive, at thethird mobile device, a second RTS signal from a fourth mobile devicehaving a third received RTS power level; determine, at the third mobiledevice, whether to transmit a second CTS signal to the fourth mobiledevice based on a first predetermined function of the second receivedRTS power level and the third received RTS power level; receive, at thefourth mobile device, the first CTS signal from the second mobiledevice, the first CTS signal having a second received CTS power level;receive, at the fourth mobile device, the second CTS signal from thethird mobile device; and determine, at the fourth mobile device, whetherto transmit a data signal based on a second predetermined function ofthe second received CTS power level.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18wherein the second predetermined function compares the product of thesecond received CTS power level and a second transmit data power levelto a predetermined threshold.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein thesecond transmit data power level is to be used by the fourth mobiledevice to transmit a second RTS signal to the third mobile device or adata signal to the third mobile device.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20wherein the second transmit data power level is inversely proportionalto or monotonically decreasing with a channel gain between the thirdmobile device and the fourth mobile device.
 22. The apparatus of claim21 wherein the channel gain is determined from a prior signaltransmitted from the third mobile device to the fourth mobile device.23. An apparatus for increasing system throughput in an unlicensedspectrum comprising: means for receiving a service set identifier (SSID)broadcast; means for estimating an actual channel gain between a firstmobile device and a second mobile device based on the SSID broadcast;means for transmitting from the first mobile device to the second mobiledevice a first request to send (RTS) signal having a first transmit datapower level based on the actual channel gain between the first mobiledevice and the second mobile device; means for receiving, at the firstmobile device, a first clear to send (CTS) signal from the second mobiledevice; and means for transmitting data at the first transmit data powerlevel from the first mobile device to the second mobile device, whereinthe actual channel gain is inversely proportional to a distance betweenthe first mobile device and the second mobile device.
 24. The apparatusof claim 23 wherein the first transmit data power level is inverselyproportional to or monotonically decreasing with the actual channel gainbetween the first mobile device and the second mobile device.
 25. Theapparatus of claim 23 wherein: the second mobile device receives thefirst RTS signal having a first received RTS power level; and the secondmobile device transmits the first CTS signal having a first transmit CTSpower level that is a function of the first received RTS power level.26. The apparatus of claim 25 wherein the first transmit CTS power levelis inversely proportional to the first received RTS power level or thefirst transmit CTS power level is monotonically decreasing with thefirst received RTS power level.
 27. The apparatus of claim 23 furthercomprising: means for receiving, at a third mobile device, the first RTSsignal from the first mobile device having a second received RTS powerlevel; means for receiving, at the third mobile device, a second RTSsignal from a fourth mobile device having a third received RTS powerlevel; and means for determining, at the third mobile device, whether totransmit a second CTS signal to the fourth mobile device based on apredetermined function of the second received RTS power level and thethird received RTS power level.
 28. The apparatus of claim 27 whereinthe predetermined function compares the ratio of the second received RTSpower level and the third received RTS power level to a predeterminedthreshold.
 29. An apparatus for increasing system throughput in anunlicensed spectrum comprising: means for receiving a service setidentifier (SSID) broadcast; means for estimating a channel gain betweena first mobile device and a second mobile device based on the SSIDbroadcast; means for transmitting from the first mobile device to thesecond mobile device a first request to send (RTS) signal having a firsttransmit data power level based on the channel gain between the firstmobile device and the second mobile device; means for receiving, at thefirst mobile device, a first clear to send (CTS) signal from the secondmobile device; means for transmitting data at the first transmit datapower level from the first mobile device to the second mobile device,wherein the channel gain is inversely proportional to a distance betweenthe first mobile device and the second mobile device; means forreceiving, at a third mobile device, the first RTS signal from the firstmobile device having a second received RTS power level; means forreceiving, at the third mobile device, a second RTS signal from a fourthmobile device having a third received RTS power level; means fordetermining, at the third mobile device, whether to transmit a secondCTS signal to the fourth mobile device based on a first predeterminedfunction of the second received RTS power level and the third receivedRTS power level; means for receiving, at the fourth mobile device, thefirst CTS signal from the second mobile device, the first CTS signalhaving a second received CTS power level; means for receiving, at thefourth mobile device, the second CTS signal from the third mobiledevice; and means for determining, at the fourth mobile device, whetherto transmit a data signal based on a second predetermined function ofthe second received CTS power level.
 30. The apparatus of claim 29wherein the second predetermined function compares the product of thesecond received CTS power level and a second transmit data power levelto a predetermined threshold.
 31. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein thesecond transmit data power level is to be used by the fourth mobiledevice to transmit a second RTS signal to the third mobile device or adata signal to the third mobile device.
 32. The apparatus of claim 31wherein the second transmit data power level is inversely proportionalto or monotonically decreasing with a channel gain between the thirdmobile device and the fourth mobile device.
 33. The apparatus of claim32 wherein the channel gain is determined from a prior signaltransmitted from the third mobile device to the fourth mobile device.34. A non-transitory machine readable medium comprising: instructionsfor receiving a service set identifier (SSID) broadcast; instructionsfor estimating an actual channel gain between a first mobile device anda second mobile device based on the SSID broadcast; instructions fortransmitting from the first mobile device to the second mobile device afirst request to send (RTS) signal having a first transmit data powerlevel based on the actual channel gain between the first mobile deviceand the second mobile device; instructions for receiving, at the firstmobile device, a first clear to send (CTS) signal from the second mobiledevice; and instructions for transmitting data at the first transmitdata power level from the first mobile device to the second mobiledevice, wherein the actual channel gain is inversely proportional to adistance between the first mobile device and the second mobile device.35. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 34 wherein thefirst transmit data power level is inversely proportional to ormonotonically decreasing with the actual channel gain between the firstmobile device and the second mobile device.
 36. The non-transitorymachine readable medium of claim 34 wherein: the second mobile devicereceives the first RTS signal having a first received RTS power level;and the second mobile device transmits the first CTS signal having afirst transmit CTS power level that is a function of the first receivedRTS power level.
 37. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim36 wherein the first transmit CTS power level is inversely proportionalto the first received RTS power level or the first transmit CTS powerlevel is monotonically decreasing with the first received RTS powerlevel.
 38. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 34further comprising: instructions for receiving, at a third mobiledevice, the first RTS signal from the first mobile device having asecond received RTS power level; instructions for receiving, at thethird mobile device, a second RTS signal from a fourth mobile devicehaving a third received RTS power level; and instructions fordetermining, at the third mobile device, whether to transmit a secondCTS signal to the fourth mobile device based on a predetermined functionof the second received RTS power level and the third received RTS powerlevel.
 39. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 38wherein the predetermined function compares the ratio of the secondreceived RTS power level and the third received RTS power level to apredetermined threshold.
 40. A non-transitory machine readable mediumcomprising: instructions for receiving a service set identifier (SSID)broadcast; instructions for estimating a channel gain between a firstmobile device and a second mobile device based on the SSID broadcast;instructions for transmitting from the first mobile device to the secondmobile device a first request to send (RTS) signal having a firsttransmit data power level based on the channel gain between the firstmobile device and the second mobile device; instructions for receiving,at the first mobile device, a first clear to send (CTS) signal from thesecond mobile device; instructions for transmitting data at the firsttransmit data power level from the first mobile device to the secondmobile device, wherein the channel gain is inversely proportional to adistance between the first mobile device and the second mobile device;instructions for receiving, at a third mobile device, the first RTSsignal from the first mobile device having a second received RTS powerlevel; instructions for receiving, at the third mobile device, a secondRTS signal from a fourth mobile device having a third received RTS powerlevel; instructions for determining, at the third mobile device, whetherto transmit a second CTS signal to the fourth mobile device based on afirst predetermined function of the second received RTS power level andthe third received RTS power level; instructions for receiving, at thefourth mobile device, the first CTS signal from the second mobiledevice, the first CTS signal having a second received CTS power level;instructions for receiving, at the fourth mobile device, the second CTSsignal from the third mobile device; and instructions for determining,at the fourth mobile device, whether to transmit a data signal based ona second predetermined function of the second received CTS power level.41. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 40 wherein thesecond predetermined function compares the product of the secondreceived CTS power level and a second transmit data power level to apredetermined threshold.
 42. The non-transitory machine readable mediumof claim 41 wherein the second transmit data power level is to be usedby the fourth mobile device to transmit a second RTS signal to the thirdmobile device or a data signal to the third mobile device.
 43. Thenon-transitory machine readable medium of claim 42 wherein the secondtransmit data power level is inversely proportional to or monotonicallydecreasing with a channel gain between the third mobile device and thefourth mobile device.
 44. The non-transitory machine readable medium ofclaim 43 wherein the channel gain is determined from a prior signaltransmitted from the third mobile device to the fourth mobile device.45. A method of increasing system throughput in an unlicensed spectrumcomprising: receiving a service set identifier (SSID) broadcast;estimating a channel gain between a first mobile device and a secondmobile device based on the SSID broadcast; transmitting from the firstmobile device to the second mobile device a first request to send (RTS)signal having a first transmit data power level based on the channelgain between the first mobile device and the second mobile device,wherein the channel gain is inversely proportional to a distance betweenthe first mobile device and the second mobile device; receiving, at thefirst mobile device, a first clear to send (CTS) signal from the secondmobile device; transmitting data at the first transmit data power levelfrom the first mobile device to the second mobile device; receiving, ata third mobile device, the first RTS signal from the first mobile devicehaving a second received RTS power level; receiving, at the third mobiledevice, a second RTS signal from a fourth mobile device having a thirdreceived RTS power level; and determining, at the third mobile device,whether to transmit a second CTS signal to the fourth mobile devicebased on a predetermined function of the second received RTS power leveland the third received RTS power level, wherein the predeterminedfunction compares the ratio of the second received RTS power level andthe third received RTS power level to a predetermined threshold.
 46. Anapparatus for increasing system throughput in an unlicensed spectrumcomprising: a processor configured to: receive a service set identifier(SSID) broadcast; estimate a channel gain between a first mobile deviceand a second mobile device based on the SSID broadcast; transmit fromthe first mobile device to the second mobile device a first request tosend (RTS) signal having a first transmit data power level based on thechannel gain between the first mobile device and the second mobiledevice, wherein the channel gain is inversely proportional to a distancebetween the first mobile device and the second mobile device; receive,at the first mobile device, a first clear to send (CTS) signal from thesecond mobile device; transmit data at the first transmit data powerlevel from the first mobile device to the second mobile device; receive,at a third mobile device, the first RTS signal from the first mobiledevice having a second received RTS power level; receive, at the thirdmobile device, a second RTS signal from a fourth mobile device having athird received RTS power level; and determine, at the third mobiledevice, whether to transmit a second CTS signal to the fourth mobiledevice based on a predetermined function of the second received RTSpower level and the third received RTS power level, wherein thepredetermined function compares the ratio of the second received RTSpower level and the third received RTS power level to a predeterminedthreshold.
 47. An apparatus for increasing system throughput in anunlicensed spectrum comprising: means for receiving a service setidentifier (SSID) broadcast; means for estimating a channel gain betweena first mobile device and a second mobile device based on the SSIDbroadcast; means for transmitting from the first mobile device to thesecond mobile device a first request to send (RTS) signal having a firsttransmit data power level based on the channel gain between the firstmobile device and the second mobile device, wherein the channel gain isinversely proportional to a distance between the first mobile device andthe second mobile device; means for receiving, at the first mobiledevice, a first clear to send (CTS) signal from the second mobiledevice; means for transmitting data at the first transmit data powerlevel from the first mobile device to the second mobile device; meansfor receiving, at a third mobile device, the first RTS signal from thefirst mobile device having a second received RTS power level; means forreceiving, at the third mobile device, a second RTS signal from a fourthmobile device having a third received RTS power level; and means fordetermining, at the third mobile device, whether to transmit a secondCTS signal to the fourth mobile device based on a predetermined functionof the second received RTS power level and the third received RTS powerlevel, wherein the predetermined function compares the ratio of thesecond received RTS power level and the third received RTS power levelto a predetermined threshold.
 48. A non-transitory machine readablemedium comprising: instructions for receiving a service set identifier(SSID) broadcast; instructions for estimating a channel gain between afirst mobile device and a second mobile device based on the SSIDbroadcast; instructions for transmitting from the first mobile device tothe second mobile device a first request to send (RTS) signal having afirst transmit data power level based on the channel gain between thefirst mobile device and the second mobile device, wherein the channelgain is inversely proportional to a distance between the first mobiledevice and the second mobile device; instructions for receiving, at thefirst mobile device, a first clear to send (CTS) signal from the secondmobile device; instructions for transmitting data at the first transmitdata power level from the first mobile device to the second mobiledevice; instructions for receiving, at a third mobile device, the firstRTS signal from the first mobile device having a second received RTSpower level; instructions for receiving, at the third mobile device, asecond RTS signal from a fourth mobile device having a third receivedRTS power level; and instructions for determining, at the third mobiledevice, whether to transmit a second CTS signal to the fourth mobiledevice based on a predetermined function of the second received RTSpower level and the third received RTS power level, wherein thepredetermined function compares the ratio of the second received RTSpower level and the third received RTS power level to a predeterminedthreshold.